Hallucinogens
The Intelligent Self Abuse Manual Episode 8
Hallucinogens
As far as abuse goes, the hallucinogens aren’t exactly addictive in a physical sense. They are more of a mind expanding type gig that will either cause you to stare in wonderment as doors of perception are opened, or make you run with terror from the nightmares that get released from deep within your psyche. They have fueled more musical and art expressionism than just about anything else, and have also been used by medicine men/women of indigenous tribes-people for millennia. Overdose for many of these substances, while scary, will not normally result in death, just a crazy freak show that will scare you into sainthood.
Another couple of things to keep in mind with these substances are mindset and setting. The mindset that you are in, as well as your expectation of what will happen after taking the substance are very important and will affect your experience. For example, if you are anxious and are expecting something terrifying, there is a strong possibility that that is what you will experience as the substances tend to act as a magnifying glass on the psyche. Whereas, if you check your expectations at the door and just “Run With It” as the song above instructs, you are more likely to have an experience of discovery that will have more meaning.
The setting is also important (as I’ve mentioned in the Cannabis section). Make sure that your environment is neutral, relaxed and chill, with people that you trust around you. If you choose a chaotic environment with people that make you nervous, that will also influence your experience (to quote Yodah: “You will find, only what you take with you”).
Magic Mushrooms (Psilocybin)
“All those who believe in psycho kinesis, raise my hand.”
Steven Wright
While you are in the room that is not a room, you may think that you are psychokinetic, but the only thing that your mind will be able to move is you. This is like a room that you can enter, but only leave once the room is done with you. Yet, once you do, you will have experienced states of consciousness that may influence your attitudes well into the future. For those whom have tried shrooms or magic mushrooms, the experience is almost always different. As a tool for assisted psychoanalysis, they are only now starting to receive the attention that they deserve. For treating anxieties around end of life and terminal illness as well as PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), the Psilocybian Mushrooms have so far been quite useful and new research is showing promising results.[i] [ii] [iii]
If you are thinking that getting fucked up on these babies would be fun, you may get more than you bargained for. Remember mindset and setting mentioned above. If you are gonna go and gather some mushrooms, do your homework first! If you harvest the wrong mushroom by mistake (some of them are poisonous), either the ER or a coffin awaits. One feature that many of the psilocybin mushrooms have is that they can bruise a bluish color when handled, or due to heat. While this feature helps you to identify them, it is not always a reliable way to do so if you are out looking for them in the wild. Below are some of the most common varieties that are around:
Psilocybe Semilanceata (aka Liberty Caps) are mushrooms that grow in pastures with tall grass where cattle graze, that are typically moist and predominantly located in the Northern Hemisphere (North America and Europe). These babies are one of the most potent varieties of the psilocybin containing mushrooms. Their caps are up to 2.5cm (1 in) in diameter and 6-22mm (0.24-0.87in) tall. The stems are 4-14cm (1.8-5.5in) tall and they are found mostly in the autumn. While some mushrooms tend to grow on cow shit, these don’t. They are quite common and fairly easy to get.[iv]
Dosage:
3-4 of (fresh) caps will give you energy, affect color perception and visual acuity, while 20-30 (fresh) caps would be a strong dose. When they are dried they tend to have a potency of 11mg (psilocybin)/g. 1-3g would be a safe first time dose. Assuming that you have the right mushroom…they are quite safe, just remember Yodah’s instructions, and above all, don’t mix your substances (don’t drink alcohol or have other drugs abuse rule #10) at the same time.
Psilocybe Cubensis are the most commonly available shroom and are probably what you will get on the street. They also pack a pretty good punch as far as their psilocybin content goes (from 3mg psilocybin/g to 14mg/g dry weight). They can attain a height of 15-30cm/ 6-12in, with the caps from 2-8cm in diameter[vii]. These puppies grow in grassy fields and are home grown as well, then dried and vacuum packed. These are normally found in warmer climates like Mexico, South America, Asia and Eastern Australia in the wild.
Dosage: 1-2g would be a good and safe starting dose with these ones. One potential problem with street sourced mushrooms is that the potencies can vary substantially. So…always start on the lower ends of dosage. The psilocybin levels also tend to drop with age.
Psilocybe Pelliculosa are very similar to liberty caps in appearance but are only half as potent. These tend to be found in sawdust and growing on woodchips (after a place has been lumber-jacked). The caps are up to 2cm (0.8in) in diameter and the stems are up to 8cm (3.1in) long. These ones grow in the Pacific Northwest and have a potency of about 1.2-7.1mg psilocybin/g (dry weight).[x] However, these guys should be avoided by beginner mushroom hunters as they share the same habitat as the Galerina Autumnalis species which are DEADLY. They also sometimes grow together in the same patch which means that you could inadvertently end up dead. So…Avoid.
Psilocybe Cyanescens or Wavy Caps/ Blue Halos are probably the most potent psilocybian mushroom known. They are very common throughout North America and grow on wood chips like the previous variety. The caps have a diameter from 1.5-5cm (0.6-2in) and a stem height of 6-8cm (3in).[xii] They are typically found under Douglas Fir trees, Cedar trees and in mulched Rhodeodendron beds. When they fruit (come up), there are usually a lot of them and they can contain up to a whopping 16.8mg psilocybin/g dry weight. Just remember, the KILLER Galerina Autumnalis also tends to lurk in the same areas and they can often be mistakenly eaten if you don’t do your homework.
Panaeolus Subbalteatus (benanosis) is the most abundant psilocybian mushroom that grows throughout North America and various other places in the world and is one of the few species that fruits in both spring and fall and grows on composted dung. Although it ain’t the most potent, (1.5-6mg psilocybin/g dry weight), it is cultivatable and you can even apparently buy the spores from High Times magazine advertisers in the mail. It reaches a height of about 8cm (3in) with a cap diameter of ranging from 2-5cm (0.59-2.17in).
Psilocybe Baeocystis is yet another Pacific Northwest psilocybin mushroom that grows on bark, wood chips, lawns, peat moss and sometimes on school campuses (yeah thought that might get your attention). It is found from August to December. It has a variable Psilocybin content (from 2.8-8.5gm psilocybin/g dry weight) which means that you may get a bigger dose than you bargain for, depending on the patch found. Soo…start at a low dose 1-2g dry for your experiment in consciousness. The caps are around 1.5-5.5cm in diameter with a 5-7cm long stem (you work out the inches cowboy/girl).
Psilocybe Stuntzii The problem with these little suckers is that they tend to grow right next to the deadly Galerina Autumnalis (mentioned next). They are found on bark mulch and mulched lawns in the Pacific Northwest in the summer and fall. The cap is 1-2cm in diameter with a stem 3.5-6.5cm long and have a psilocybin content up to 3.5g psilocybin/g dry weight. It is probably best to leave these ones alone as they do tend to resemble Galerina, and you don’t want to die right?
And finally, we should show you the DEADLY Galerina (Marginata) Autumnalis just so you don’t mess up. These kill you in a nasty way. First you get severe abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea that can last for up to 9 hours, then your kidneys and liver shut down a couple of days later.[xviii] It is a slow death. Which, I’m sure you would rather not have. When in doubt, opt out.
Antidote:
Luckily, the late physician by the name of Burt Berkson who began his career as a mycologist and botanist was able to figure out that intravenous (IV) Alpha-Lipoic Acid can save the liver from shutting down (necrosis) due to mushroom poisoning[xxi]. As a consequence of his actions, he was vilified by many of his colleagues and branded a trouble-maker, which is why he deserves an honorable mention in this book. Dosage: 300-600mg IV infusion. NOTE: You must go to the hospital!
Psilocybin Effects
An experience on mushrooms is always different. Things such as increased energy, feelings of insight, strange visual images when eyes are closed, laughter at anything (especially mundane things), confusion, paranoia, reflectiveness, depersonalization (sort of like the feeling of being an audience member while watching a film that is you), anxiety, frightening or unwanted thoughts, nausea, vomiting and pupil dilation can occur.
Onset and Duration
Mushrooms generally have a 30-60min onset period on an empty stomach and up to 2hrs on a full stomach. You will be occupied with the experience from between 4-6hrs so make sure you aren’t gonna be doing anything. There is also an additional period of 2-6 hours after the experience where things ain’t quite right.[xxii] Plan your time accordingly and DON’T DRIVE!
Contraindications (When not to use)
- If you are taking MAOI (Monoamine oxide inhibitor) drugs (a type of anti-depressant)
- If you have to go somewhere or drive
- If you have had other substances beforehand
- If you have a diagnosed mental disorder (Bipolar/ Schizophrenia/ etc.)
As said before, it is pretty difficult to hurt yourself (unless you are a complete fuckwit) with magic mushrooms. Just mainly avoid the Galerina and follow the above advice.
And now for Dr. Cico…
There are reasons why hallucinogenic plants traditionally were the purvey of a tribal shaman or medicine man/woman. The potency and safety of a trip to the other worlds was something taken seriously by these individuals. It took practice and learning to recognize the right plant, prepare it correctly and then administer it in the right dosage, to the right person, for the right reason to get the desired outcome, which usually involved healing an imbalance of the individual or the tribe and their environment. We no longer have tribal shamans and the practice of journeying to heal has become illegal. This speaks loads as to the deep disease and imbalance in our society. For the individual wishing to journey, if it’s your first time, start slow…take a low dose to get used to the shift in perception, to become comfortable with it, and to make sure the substance is safe. And always have a sitter or someone you trust, who has your back, should the journey become more difficult than anticipated. For the truly motivated psychonaut the 60’s classic book on tripping The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead by Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Richard Alpert is well worth reading.
LSD – “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”
Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds (aka d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) was invented by Dr. Albert Hofmann in the late 1930s while working for Swiss Pharmaceutical Company Sandoz.[xxiii] Timothy Leary, The Beatles (all 4), Richard Alpert (aka Ram Dass), Jefferson Airplane, The Grateful Dead, Dr. Andrew Weil, and a whole host of others played in this playground of the mind. Hell, even Drs. Abram Hoffer and Humphrey Osmond tried it, then wrote a book on it and other drugs in this category entitled…wait for it…The Hallucinogens.[xxiv] But it gets better! The CIA got interested in this chemical because they thought it would be useful during interrogation. Once they realized that it didn’t work that way, it quickly got banned. Yet, through all the negative press and bullshit, it still only ever killed one person via overdose.[xxv] (During autopsy it was revealed that it had been taken intravenously (which is NEVER done) at a dosage of 320 mg or 320,000micrograms (mcg) which is truly a massive dose, seeing as an average dose orally is only between 100-250mcg).[xxvi] Another Darwin award worthy moment happened to a group of 8 people in 1975 who mistakenly snorted massive amounts of LSD-Tartarate powder on the mistaken assumption that it was cocaine.[xxvii] They all lived. I guess what I’m trying to say here is that, while you have to be cautious, you don’t have to shit your pants at the prospect of trying this drug.
What you do need to do however, is make sure that a) You know what you have (abuse rule 2), know its strength (abuse rule 3), control your environment (abuse rule 1- remember that the state of mind you are in (set) as well as the place (setting) you are in are just as important for this) and finally, know why you are using it (abuse rule 5). As Yoda’s cousin Bob once said above, “You will find, only what you take with you”.
And now, just for fun, when that friend/ acquaintance/ authority figure preaches to you about how there is nothing good medically about this drug, you can fire back a few interesting tidbits and watch them shut the fuck up:
- LSD has been used to treat physical ailments such as arthritis, partial paralysis, migraine headaches, skin rashes and hysterical deafness (T.T. Peck et al.) (Ling, Buckman et al.)
- LSD has been used to treat phantom limb pain (ie: pain in your missing limb after you’ve lost it)[xxviii].
- LSD has been used in pain control of terminally ill patients with effects that lasted longer than morphine and meperidine[xxix].
- LSD has been used as an aid in psycho-therapy with as many as 40,000 mental patients having undergone this hallucinogenic assisted form of therapy (sometimes without their consent).[xxx]
- LSD has been used to treat alcoholics deemed to be hopeless cases with a remission rate of up to 55 percent in the Canadian LSD program (Hoffer et al.)[xxxi]
Dosage
For many, the threshold dosage (the amount where people will have an effect) is generally 20mcg. Amounts just above this are said to produce something similar to a “long lasting hash-high”.[xxxii] The amount that is usually taken is from 75-125mcg. This typically gives changes in perceptual sensations visually, auditory and physically (ie: you’ll see some interesting colors, messed up shapes and music sounds way different). Remember, start out at the lower end if you are trying it for the first time.
At high doses between 200-250mcg, it would be fair to say that it is akin to what a mystical experience would be like. Difficult to describe so I won’t. Above this amount, intensity of the trip increases, but not necessarily the length. Just keep in mind (pun apologies), there be good trips and bad trips with no trips the same.
Effects
LSD has an onset time of about 1 hour and its effects can last from 8-12 hours, then gradually taper off.[xxxiii] It is not an addictive substance and isn’t something that people do either frequently or regularly.
Physical effects are variable and can include:
Numbness, weakness, nausea, hypo/hyper-thermia, increased heart rate, blood sugar changes, goose bumps, sweating, salivation, insomnia, tremors and hyperreflexia.
However, most of these physical side effects are due to the trip and not the chemical itself, as the dosage is just too low. The psychological effects of LSD are profound. Insights into psychological problems occur, ego death can occur (picture yourself without an ego, hard right?), artistic revelation and many other things related to world-view can change as a consequence of an LSD trip.
Safety
Because LSD is illegal, you will have a hard time finding any legit means to get it. That means the street. By far the safest form you are likely to get would be paper tabs. The reason for this is simple. Since the effective dose is so small, contamination with other adulterants is less likely. It is simply not worth it for a dealer who is going to rip you off to bother going to the trouble of coating that sheet of tabs with anything other than printer ink. This means that at the worst, you are likely to feel nothing.
Any other form would be a different story however. Pills or ampules of liquid could conceivably be adulterated with other drugs, in doses that are not negligible, and might cause some bad shit to happen.
Make sure that if you are gonna take it, don’t make any plans or go anywhere for at least 24 hours (remember mind-set and setting). If you end up in emerg, first the doctors will sedate you with clonazepam, then you will probably have a police officer that will wait around to ask you questions when the effects where off (major bummer!).
Contraindications
These are pretty much the same as those for mushrooms. LSD is best approached with an open mind, that is interested in self-discovery and introspection if it is taken outside a medical context. If ya just wanna get FUBAR, you may be disappointed.
Mischief Managing
Lets say that you are worried about having a ‘bad trip’ and decide that you want to abort the mission. This can be accomplished using either Niacin (vitamin B3) or Niacinamide (non-flushing Niacin) 1000mg/50kg body weight. Of these two, Niacinamide is the better choice as Niacin causes a temporary skin flush that is itchy, whereas Niacinamide does not. This flushing sensation while you are ‘tripping’ probably ain’t gonna ease your mind.
There is also a period of lethargy or low energy following ‘trips’, which can be alleviated by taking up to 3000mg of Thiamine Hydrochloride after LSD wears off (if you take it before, it can prolong the trip for up to 24hrs).[xxxiv]
Lucy in the Sky with Dr. Cico:
There’s a Zen saying that when a pickpocket meets a saint, s/he sees only their pockets. Approach all these substances with as much reverence as you have within your consciousness and the rewards can be heavenly. If it’s a kick you want, it may be harder than expected and in a place you never expected. Just to reinforce, as it cannot be overstated, make sure the setting is safe and you have someone you trust that has your back. Other than that, for the serious tripper read The Psychedelic Experience by Leary, Metzner and Alpert (as mentioned in the Shroom section).
Still one of the best preparations for the psychedelic mind spaces around.
Peyote/ Mescaline/ San Pedro
“You take the blue pill, the story ends, you wake up in your bed and believe whatever you want to believe. You take the red pill, you stay in wonderland and I show you how deep the rabbit hole goes”.
Morpheus from The Matrix.
What we are talking about here is the main active ingredient Mescaline. Mescaline comes from several species of cacti that grow in Southern Texas/ Northern Mexico, but most notably Peyote (Lophophora Williamsi) and San Pedro (Echinopsis Pachanoi) contain the highest amounts of it. Both cacti have very bitter tastes, and many who try them will also experience nausea and vomiting initially, which then subsides as the psychedelic effects begin. As with some of the other hallucinogens mentioned thus far, there are some medicinal effects that are worth mentioning.[xxxv]
Lophophora Williamsii[xxxvi]
Echinopsis Pachanoi[xxxvii]
-Due to some of the other alkaloids present in the cacti, it has anti-bacterial/ antibiotic function (Chinese Medicine ascribes this function to level of bitterness in a food, more on that was covered in the chapter on food).
-It also may have bronchodilating effects (sorta like steroid inhalers to open up the lungs during asthma attacks).
-It may also have mucolytic effects (breaks up mucus).
-It is used in Native American traditional medicine as an aid to processing difficult neuroses in group-psychotherapy settings.
Usage
Unless you are a member of the Native American Church, chances of you being able to commit felonius cactophagy (sorry) are pretty limited. In Peyote ceremonies, the group usually takes it together and the mindset and setting are controlled by the Indian spiritual leaders, so it is nice and safe. However, you will probably come across it in the form of mescaline hydrochloride.
Dosage
On the off chance you should happen across some dried peyote buttons, 10-20g is a good starting dose (about 3-4 dried buttons). According to Hoffer and Osmond, the average peyote button contains less than 25mg of mescaline.[xxxviii] Peyotists of the Native American Church tend to take more than this spread out over the course of a night (sometimes up to 40 buttons) generally on empty stomachs in order to minimize the volume of the chunks you might blow.
As for San Pedro, a lengthy process is in store for you, assuming that you are willing.
This process comes from John W. Allen and those great folks at Erowid.org and is as follows:
1. Get a blender, 8 liter cooking pot, a wooden spoon, 2 big bowls (4 liters each) and a clean cloth (cheese cloth) for straining and a 1 foot section of cactus (Trichocererus Pachanoi) Single dose.
2. Slice the like a cucumber (1/8 inch thick slices), then quarter the slices and add an equal amount of water to the chunks.
3. Blend them up in a blender.
4. Cook slowly on low heat for 30 minutes stirring occasionally.
5. Continue to cook mix stirring for 2-4 hours (I know, a loooong time eh?) until it reduces down to 12-16 ounces of green “Shrek-like” snot.
6. Pour the mix into a cheesecloth and let the liquid drain into a container, then when cooled off, squeeze out the rest of the liquid by hand.
7. Discard the pulp in the cheese cloth.
8. Sweeten with honey and swallow the juice slowly over the course of half an hour to minimize the nausea (the honey helps with this as well).
Having an empty stomach here as well is probably a good idea.
The famous chemist Alexander Shulgin, estimated that the average dosage would be around 200-400mg of Mescaline Sulfate and 178-356mg of Mescaline Hydrochloride (which is what you are likely to find on the street)[xxxix].
The effects tend to start within 1-3 hours of oral dosage (generally when the puking or nausea stops), with the experience coming to a peak over the following 2-4 hours, then a tapering off descent for another 4-6 hours.[xl]
As you can probably see, if you got something to do, it ain’t gonna be done the day you take mescaline. For safety, same rules apply as with Mushrooms and LSD. You are, by now, probably seeing a pattern to usage of the hallucinogenic substances thus far. They are more about self-discovery and breaking past psychological blocks in terms of their usefulness than they are substances to fuck you up, and don't tend to be habit forming.
Detection
The hallucinogens as a class of plants/ drugs are not generally tested for in standard drug tests. Although testing for them is possible, it is highly unlikely. For safety though, wait 4 days before peeing.
Dr. Cico’s Door of Perception:
Shrek-like snot! I think I would stick with the Native American Church and their ‘buttons’.
Ibogaine
Ibogaine isn’t strictly one of those hallucinogens that you are gonna try just for the shits and giggles, but it is one that you will be willing to try once you have had enough shits and giggles due to the Unintelligent Self Abuse of other substances (something that we have tried to prevent by writing this book!).
Ibogaine is an alkaloid that comes from the Apocynaceae plant families (Tabernanthe Iboga and Voacanga Africana plants) of sub-Saharan West Africa (Gabon) and is a tryptamine derivative[xli]. It is present in the root bark of the plants and either made into a tea or powdered and consumed both to treat opiate and other drug addictions (Western use), and as a part of the religious ceremonies of the Babongo and Mitsogo people of Gabon in the Bwiti religion both to increase resistance against fatigue and as an aphrodisiac. It has stimulant properties as well as hallucinogenic ones that stimulate a replay/ processing of life events leading up to addictions[xlii] [xliii] [xliv]. Ibogaine also tends to smooth out the balance between brain chemicals. This gives people a head start when it comes to repairing the damage and getting the brain neurotransmitter dump truck topped up to optimal via good nutrition.
Dosage
As far as this goes, the consensus seems to be that there are 2 different dosage regimens (Lotsof et al). For the single dose regimen, 10-22mg/kg is used (this translates into 700-1540mg for a 70kg/ 150lb person). Multiple dose regimens are generally done at different times (ie: after several weeks to several months), on a case-by-case basis. You will also most likely have to go to a country where it is legal in order to try it if your country isn’t one of the permissive ones. It is always taken in a controlled clinical setting with non-partaking sitters who monitor you as you are taking your trip for safety.
Detection
Ibogaine is a drug that isn’t used more than a few times in anyone’s life. As such, drug tests like SAMHSA-5 don’t test for it due to its rarity.
Doc Cico’s Advice:
Go to an African shaman if you want to experience Ibogaine. Never met the spirit of Ibogaine myself, but from what I hear it is more akin to a deep psychoanalytic experience with the Three Spirits of Christmas a la Scrooge.
While this list of hallucinogens is not exhaustive, it is for the most part, the commonly used ones. These drugs aren’t typically ones that get abused as they are more exploratory of inner space kind of drugs. However, in the event that you are curious and decide to try any of them, it is always good to know what the potential pitfalls are, and how to avoid them. Join us next episode where we will cover Cocaine.
[i] Wark C., Galliher J.F., (2009), Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert (Ram Dass) and the changing definition of psilocybin., Int J Drug Policy., 2010 May;21(3):234-9., doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.08.004., PMID 19744846.
[ii] Vollenweider F.X., Kometer M., (2010)., The neurobiology of psychedelic drugs: implications for treatment of mood disorders., Nature Reviews Neuroscience., 2010 Sep;11(9):642-51. Doi: 10.1038/nrn2884., PMID 20717121.
[iii] Hasler F., Grimberg U., Benz M.A., Huber T., Vollenweider F.X., (2004)., Acute psychological and physiological effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-effect study., Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Mar;172(2):145-56., PMID 14615876.
[iv] Peter Stafford., (1992), Psychedelics Encyclopedia, 3rd Ed., Ronin Publishing Inc., Berkeley, CA. p. 253-56.
[v] Psilocybe Semilanceata photo by Alan Rockefeller., retrieved from Wikipedia on October 20, 2014., using Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License.
[vi] Psilocybe Semilanceata photo by Alan Rockefeller., retrieved from Wikipedia on October 20, 2014., using Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License.
[vii] Ibid. Stafford. P. 250-53.
[viii] P. Cubensis var. Mazapatec photo by Wowbobwow12., retrieved from Wikipedia on October 20, 2014., using Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License.
[ix] Psilocybe Cubensis photo by Rohan 523., retrieved from Wikipedia on October 20, 2014., using Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License.
[x] Beug M.W., Bigwood J., (1982), Psilocybin and Psilocin levels in twento species from seven genera of wild mushrooms in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A., J Ethnopharmacol. 1982 May;5(3):271-85., PMID 7201053.
[xi] Psilocybe Pelliculosa photo by mushroomexplorer., retrieved from Wikipedia on October 20, 2014., using Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License.
[xii] Ibid. Stafford,. P.257
[xiii] Psilocybe Cyanescens in situ photo by Madjack74., public domain image retrieved from Wikipedia on October 20, 2014.
[xiv] Psilocybe Cyanescens photo by Allan Rockefeller., retrieved from Wikipedia on October 20, 2014., using Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License.
[xv] Panaeolus Subbalteatus photo by Ian Williams., retrieved from Wikipedia on October 20, 2014., using Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License.
[xvi] Psilocybe Baeocystis photo by Allan Rockefeller., retrieved from Wikipedia on October 20, 2014., using Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License.
[xvii] Psilocybe Stuntzii photo by Sovereign., retrieved from Wikipedia on October 20,2014., using Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license.
[xviii] Benjamin D.R.., (1995)., “Mushrooms: poisons and Panaceas – a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians”., “Amatoxin Syndrome”., p. 198-214., New York, WH Freeman and Co.
[xix] Galerina Marginata photo by Dan Molter., retrieved from Wikipedia on October 20, 2014., using Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License.
[xx] Galerina Marginata photo by Dan Molter., retrieved from Wikipedia on October 20, 2014., using Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License.
[xxi] Burt Berkson MD, PhD., (1998)., “The Alpha Lipoic Acid Breakthrough”., Introduction ix-xiii., ISBN: 0-7615-1457-0.
[xxii] Erowid Drug Vaults, Psilocybin Mushrooms., erowid.org, retrieved on October 10, 2014.
[xxiii] Ibid Stafford., p. 35.
[xxiv] Ibid Stafford., p. 52-65.
[xxv] Ibid Stafford., p. 70.
[xxvi] Journal of the Kentucky Medical Association 75:172-173.
[xxvii] Klock J.C., Boerner U., Becker C.E., (1975)., coma, hyperthermia, and bleeding associated with massive LSD overdose, a report of eight cases., Clinical Toxicology 1975;8(2):191-203., PMID 1149410.
[xxviii] Robinson CL, Fonseca ACG, Diejomaoh EM, D'Souza RS, Schatman ME, Orhurhu V, Emerick T. Scoping Review: The Role of Psychedelics in the Management of Chronic Pain. J Pain Res. 2024 Mar 11;17:965-973. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S439348. PMID: 38496341; PMCID: PMC10941794.
[xxix] Goel A, Rai Y, Sivadas S, Diep C, Clarke H, Shanthanna H, Ladha KS. Use of Psychedelics for Pain: A Scoping Review. Anesthesiology. 2023 Oct 1;139(4):523-536. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004673. PMID: 37698433.
[xxx] Ibid Stafford., p.78.
[xxxi] Ibid Stafford., p.80.
[xxxii] Ibid Stafford., p.78.
[xxxiii] Delysid Product Monograph., Sandoz Ltd. Basle, Switzerland. 1962.
[xxxiv] Ibid Gaby. p. 997
[xxxv] Ibid Stafford., p. 135-40
[xxxvi] Lophophora Williamsii photo by Frank Vincentz, Feb. 18, 2007. Retrieved from Wikipedia on November 17, 2014., using Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License.
[xxxvii] Echinopsis Pachanoi photo by Forest and Kim Starr., Retrieved from Wikipedia on November 18, 2014., using Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License.
[xxxviii] Ibid Stafford., p. 140.
[xxxix] Shulgin Alexander, Shulgin Ann, (1991), PiHKAL, A chemical love story, p.702-707., Synergetic Press, Santa Fe, NM 85708., ISBN: 0-9630096-0-5.
[xl] Ibid Stafford., p. 140
[xli] Hoffer A, Osmond H, (1967), The Hallucinogens, p. 468-472., Academic Press, New York, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 66-30086.
[xlii] Alper K.R., Lotsof H.S., Kaplan C.D., The Ibogaine Medical Subculture., J. Ethnopharmacology., 2008 Jan 4;115(1):9-24., PMID 18029124.
[xliii] Rezvani A.H., Overstreet D.H., Lee Y.W., Attenuation of alcohol intake by ibogaine in three strains of alcohol-preferring rats., Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.., 1995 Nov; 52(3):615-20., PMID 8545483.
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Another great instalment. Alex, the graphics are phantastic!! Very timely, as psilocybin is becoming popular as microdose as well as psychonautic propulsion agent. Thanks.